浅论建筑工程防水技术

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 摘要：本文主要阐述防水材料概述，施工前的准备工作，施工过程的质量控制，防水施工的重点项目以及质量检查等问题。

Abstract: this article mainly elaborated waterproof materials, the preparation before construction, the construction process of quality control, waterproofing construction of key projects, as well as quality inspection, etc. 　　关键词：建筑；防水；施工；质量 Keywords: building construction; Waterproof; Construction; The quality 　 　　随着我国生活条件的不断提高，人们非常重视居住环境的防水情况，在建筑工程中，防水工作是一项重要的工程内容，关系到建筑工程的质量问题，使用的条件和卫生条件，防水工程的好坏直接影响到人们居住、生活质量等方面。我国建筑材料的不断发展，很多新型的建筑防水材料及在建筑工程中的应用都得到了快速的发展，并朝着单层、冷施工的方向快速发展。因此，研究建筑工程的防水技术，对提高建筑工程质量意义重大。 With the continuous improvement of living conditions in our country, people attaches great importance to the waterproof case, of living environment in the construction engineering, waterproof work content is an important project, related to the quality problem of the construction project, using condition and health condition, waterproof engineering quality directly affect the people living, quality of life, etc. The continuous development of building materials in our country, many new building waterproof material and its application in construction engineering has been rapid development, and rapid development in the direction of the monolayer, cold construction. Therefore, the research construction waterproof technology, is of great significance to improve the quality of construction projects. 　　1概述 1 overview 　　在建筑工程中，防水材料是建筑工程的重要物质基础，是决定建筑物与构建物防止雨水侵入和地下水等水分渗透的主要屏障，防水材料的好坏对防水工程的影响很大，必须高度重视，从防水的材料来研究防水的问题。 In construction engineering, waterproof materials is an important material foundation of building engineering, is decided to building and construction to prevent moisture infiltration rainwater intrusion and groundwater, etc the main barrier, waterproof material impact on the quality of waterproof engineering, must attach great importance to and from waterproof material to study the problem. 　　1.1刚性防水材料：防水混凝土既有结构层，又有防水层的功效。防水原理是因为结构构件混凝土本身具有密实度，再有一些构造措施达到结构自防水的目的。这类材料的施工准备具体 1.1 rigid waterproof material, waterproof concrete layer of existing structures, the effect of the waterproof layer. Because waterproof principle component itself has the compactness of concrete structure, and some structural measures to achieve the purpose of the waterproof structure. This kind of material of construction for concrete 　　1.1.1作业条件。在完成钢筋以及模版的检查后，开始预检的验收工作，应在检查、预检中应该检查穿墙螺栓和设备管道以及施工缝等部位的质量工作，预埋件因在防水混凝土结构中，应该检查是否已完成防水处理，要提前编制施工方案并且要试验确定后，方案才能通过。 1.1.1 operating conditions. After finish the inspection of the steel bar and the template, began to preview the acceptance of work, should be in the inspection, the preview should check through-wall bolts and pipeline equipment and construction joint and other parts of the quality of work, embedded parts for in waterproof concrete structure, should check whether the waterproof processing has been completed and the construction scheme and to test ahead of time, after the confirmation of package. 　　1.1.2材料要求。①水泥:应用不低于32.5级的硅酸盐水泥、普通硅酸盐水泥，也可以用矿渣硅酸盐水泥；②砂子：应该用中砂，含泥量不大于3%，泥块含量不得大于1.0%；③石子:应该用卵石，最大粒径为5～40mm，含泥量不大于1.0%，泥块含量不得太大；④掺和料：其掺量应该由实验确定，等级符合规范要求。 1.1.2 material requirements. 1) cement: not less than 32.5 Portland cement, ordinary Portland cement, slag Portland cement is also used for; (2) sand: should use medium sand, silt content is not more than 3%, soil content shall not be greater than 1.0%; (3) stones: should use the pebble, the biggest diameter is 5 ~ 40 mm, silt content is not more than 1.0%, content of soil, not too big; (4) admixture, the dosage should be determined by experiment, conform to the requirements of the specification. 　　1.2卷材防水材料： 沥青防水卷材是用原纸，纤维织物等胎体材料渗涂沥青，表面撒布粉状，粒粉或片状材料制成的可以卷曲的片状防水材料。石油沥青纸是我国传统的防水材料，目前在屋面工程中仍然占主要地位。它具有低温柔性好，防水层耐用年限短，价格低的特性。在地下防水层施工时，当地下水位较高时，铺贴防水层前应该降低地下水，地下水位到防水层底标高下30cm，并保持到防水层施工完成；铺贴防水层的基层表面应将尘土杂物清扫干净，表面残留的灰浆硬块及突出部分应该清除干净，不得有空鼓、开裂、起砂的现象；防水层所用的卷材、基层处理剂、属于易燃物品，应该单独存放，远离火源，做好防火工作。卷材防水材料的材料要求必须符合规范，必须有出厂质量合格证，有相应资质等级检测部门出具的检测报告。卷材防水层空鼓，发生在找平层与卷材之间，且多在卷材接缝处，其原因是找平层不干燥，汗水率大，空气排除不彻底，卷材没有粘结牢固；渗漏多发生在管根、地漏、形变缝等处，伸缩缝没有断开，造成防水层撕裂，其他部位由于粘结不牢固也有可能发生渗漏，施工中应该加强检查，认真操作。 1.2 coiled material waterproof material, asphalt waterproof coiled material is made of base paper, tire body material such as fabric permeability bitumen coating, surface spraying powder, the granule powder or flake materials can be curled sheet made of waterproof materials. Petroleum asphalt paper is China's traditional waterproof material, at present still dominate in the roofing construction. It has good low temperature flexible, waterproof layer service life is short, prices low. In underground waterproof layer construction, local water level is higher, the shop is stuck before waterproof layer should reduce the groundwater, ground water level to the bottom elevation of the waterproof layer under 30 cm, and keep to the waterproof layer construction completion; Floor waterproof layer of surface dust sundry cleaning shall be clean at the grassroots level surface residue mortar lump and highlight the parts should be clean and shall not be free drum, crack, sand phenomenon; Waterproof coiled material, used in the basic level agents, belong to flammable items, should be stored separately, away from the fire source, completes the fire prevention work. Coiled material waterproof material requirements must conform to the specification, must have the factory quality certificate, have the corresponding qualification level detection department to issue the inspection report. Coiled material waterproof layer empty drum, occurred between the leveling layer with the coil, and seams in the coil, the reason is that the leveling layer is not dry, sweat rate, air out incomplete, strong coil not binding; Leakage occurs in the tube deformation seam root, floor drain, etc., expansion joints have no disconnect, causing membrane tearing, other parts due to the bonding is not strong also have leakage may occur, the construction should be strengthened in the examination, serious operation. 　　1.3高分子合成材料：涂膜防水材料 合成高分子防水材料是以合成橡胶或合成树脂为主要成膜物质，加入其他辅助材料配制而成的单组份或多组分防水涂料。与常用的材料相比，显得比较新型。 1.3 high polymer synthetic materials, coating waterproof materials synthetic polymer waterproof material is a synthetic rubber or synthetic resin as the main film-forming material, made from joining other auxiliary materials of one-component or multicomponent waterproof coating. Compared with the commonly used material, appear to be new. 　　1.3.1材质的要求 由于双组分、多组分聚氨脂防水涂料含有大量有机溶剂，对环境污染严重，在某些方面遭到禁止使用，因此使用单组分聚氨脂防水涂料，这类涂料是以聚醚为主要原料，配以各种助剂制成，属于无有机溶剂挥发的单组分柔性涂料，其固体含量低强度高延伸率大于80%，拉伸强度大于1.9%。 1.3.1 material requirements because of the bicomponent, multicomponent polyurethane waterproof coating with high organic solvent to the environment pollution is serious, in some ways have been banned, so using one-component polyurethane waterproof coating, this coating based on polyether as the main raw material, match with various additives, which belongs to no organic solvent volatilization of single-component flexible coatings, the solid content and low intensity Gao Yanshen rate greater than 80%, the tensile strength is greater than 1.9%. 　　1.3.2材质成品的保护 涂膜防水层操作过程中，工作人员要穿平底鞋作业。涂膜防水施工时，不得污染其他部位的墙地面。涂膜防水层施工后，要严格加以保护，任何人不得进入，也不得在上面堆放杂物，以免损坏防水层。防水保护层施工时，不得在防水层上拌砂浆，铺砂浆时铁棒不得触及防水层，不得损坏防水层。 1.3.2 material finished product protection coating waterproof layer in the process of operation, staff should wear flat shoes. Coating, waterproof construction shall not pollute the other parts of the wall to the ground. After coating waterproof layer construction, must be strictly protected, anyone shall not enter, nor, in the above debris piled up so as not to damage the membrane. Waterproof layer construction, not on the waterproof mortar, mortar shop with iron bars shall not touch the waterproof layer, waterproof layer shall not be damaged. 　2准备工作 2 preparation 　　2.1实行技术告知和样板施工制度。(1)施工前,应对施工作业人员进行全面的技术告之,使施工作业人员对防水施工的工艺和重点部位的处理措施都有所了解。(2)大面积正式施工之前,还应先进行样板的施工,使施工作业人员对施工工艺有更深的认识,并在样板的施工中提前发现问题,预防预控,以免影响整个防水工程的质量。 2.1 implement technology to inform and model construction system. (1) before construction, construction homework personnel to conduct a comprehensive technology to deal with, make construction homework personnel of waterproof construction technology and key parts of the processing steps are. (2) the area before the formal construction, should look for model construction, also make the construction workers to the construction process have a deeper understanding of, and found the problem in advance, in the model construction of prevention and control counter, so as not to affect the quality of waterproof engineering. 　　2.2基层处理。防水层是依附于结构基层的,其质量好坏将直接影响防水层的质量,因此在防水层施工之前应先对基层进行处理。一般基层应做到坚实、平整、表面无起砂、起皮、裂缝和积水,含水率符合规范的要求,转角部位还应做成圆弧,阴角直径宜大于50mm,阳角直径宜大于10mm。对于卷材等需要涂刷基层处理剂的,应控制基层处理剂涂刷的时间,一般允许提前半天进行。 2.2 basic level processing. The waterproof layer is attached to the base structure, and its quality is good or bad will directly affect the quality of the waterproof layer, so before the waterproof layer construction should be handled at the base. General base should be a solid, flat, surface dusting, peeling, cracks and no water, the moisture content accord with the requirement of specification, arc corner part should also make it, the shade diameter should be greater than 50 mm, Yang Angle should be greater than 10 mm in diameter. To coil etc need to besmear to brush the primary treatment, should control at the grass-roots level coating treatment for the time, generally allows for half a day in advance. 　　2.3防水材料的准备。我们应该在施工前严格对防水材料的质量进行把关。优先选用厂家信誉好、材料品质好的企业来供应防水材料,而不能贪图便宜,使用劣质的防水材料,到头来反而得不偿失。防水材料使用前,还必须要按照国家相应规范的要求对防水材料的强度、延伸率等性能进行抽检,以确保防水材料的质量。 2.3 waterproof material preparation. We should be strict in the quality of waterproof material before construction to check. Preferable manufacturer good credit, the enterprise to supply with good quality waterproof materials, not covet is cheap, use inferior waterproof materials, in the end it do more harm than good. Waterproof material before use, also must be in accordance with the requirements of the corresponding specifications of waterproof material properties such as strength and elongation of sampling inspection, to ensure the quality of waterproof material. 　　3施工质量控制 3 construction quality control 　　以聚合物水泥防水涂料为例,说明质量控制要点: Polymer cement waterproof coating, for example, explain quality control points: 　　3.1施工材料配置:严格按照厂家提供的配合比,把液料、粉料加水进行调制,水的填加量可适量调节,以调整涂料的粘稠度,以满足立面和平面不同施工部位的施工要求。浆液须搅拌均匀,保证无结块,拌和好的浆液应在3h内用完。各层涂料应分别按照对应的配比进行配置,不得混淆使用。 3.1 construction materials configuration: in strict accordance with the manufacturer to provide the mixture ratio, liquid, powder and water of modulation, add quantity of water may be a control, to adjust the viscosity of paint, in order to meet the different elevation and plane construction site construction requirements. Grout shall stir well, guarantee without aggregation and mixing good slurry should be finished within 3 h. Each layer of paint should be carried out in accordance with the corresponding proportion respectively configuration, shall not be confused. 　　3.2细部附加层施工:应先做细部附加层的施工,然后再进行大面防水涂料的施工。细部施工时应先对管根等部位填充石膏,密封材料应压嵌严密,并与缝壁粘结牢固,不得有开裂、鼓泡和塌陷的现象。在地漏、管根、阴阳角和出入口等易发生漏水的薄弱部位,应加一层胎体增强材料,材料宽度不小于300mm,搭接宽度不小于100mm。 3.2 detail additional layer construction: details of additional layer construction, should do first and then to bedding face of waterproof coating construction. Detail construction should first fill in areas such as gypsum, the roots of tube sealing material should be pressed tightly embedded, and with strong seam wall binding, can not have crack, bubble and collapse phenomenon. In floor drain, pipe, Angle of Yin and Yang, and prone to leakage, such as weak positions, should add a layer of tire body reinforced material, the material width is not less than 300 mm, lap width not less than 100 mm. 　　3.3施工时应注意每次涂刷的时间间隔,须待前一次涂刷的浆体干燥后方可进行下一次涂刷,一般为8小时左右。多遍涂刷,直到达到设计要求厚度,每遍涂刷方向应与前一遍涂刷方向垂直。 3.3 should be paid attention to during the construction of coating intervals each time, must wait until a brushing slurry dry rear can besmear next time, generally for eight hours or so. Thickness of coating, until meet the design requirements, every time brushing should from the previous time brushing direction perpendicular direction. 　　4重点项目的施工 Four key projects construction 　　4.1地下室外墙后浇带。后浇带防水是外墙防水施工的关键,如果措施不当,将对整个外墙的防水质量产生很大的影响。可采用在后浇带部位加设预制钢筋混凝土盖板的方式,将防水材料施工于盖板上,从而使防水层形成一个整体。 4.1 the basement exterior wall latter pouring belt. Waterproof is the key to the exterior wall waterproof construction of post-cast strip, if improper measures, will be a large impact on the quality of the exterior wall waterproof. Can be used in the casting zone site added a precast reinforced concrete cover plate, the waterproof construction on the cover, so that the waterproof layer to form a whole. 　　4.2底板与侧墙连接部位。由于底板与侧墙不是同时浇筑的,因此如何做好防水卷材的保护和搭接是该部位防水施工的重点。施工时,可采用砌筑永久保护墙的方式,先空铺施工防水卷材附加层,然后在附加层上再做一层防水卷材,两层防水卷材之间采用满粘法。在结构底板标高的位置先甩出卷材接茬的长度,一般不小于300mm,并采取覆土或虚砌3皮砖的方式对防水卷材进行保护。底板施工完毕后,将甩茬的防水卷材表面清理干净,再与上部防水卷材进行搭接,搭接长度不小于100mm。 4.2 the bottom plate and side wall connection. Due to the bottom and side wall is not at the same time casting, so how to do waterproofing protection and lap joint is the key of the waterproof construction of each part of the body. When construction, can adopt the way of building permanent protection wall, empty shop construction waterproofing additional layer first, then do again on the additional layer of a layer of waterproofing materials, between the two layers of waterproof coiled material with glue method. In elevation of the base structure position to throw the length of the coil summer-planting, generally not less than 300 mm, and take turns the soil or virtual 3 skin brick build by laying bricks or stones to protect waterproofing materials. Floor construction is completed, will jilt crop of waterproofing materials surface is clean, again with the upper waterproofing materials for lap, lap length not less than 100 mm. 　　5质量检查 5 quality inspection 　　质量检查是最后一道工序，必须严格按照规范的要求进行质量检查的程序,争取能提前发现防水施工中的不足之处,对可能存在渗漏的地方进行修补。一般的质量检查工作包括外观、搭接长度、防水层厚度等的检查和闭水试验，确保工程质量。 Quality inspection is the last procedure, must be in strict accordance with the requirements of the specification quality inspection procedures, can strive for ahead of time found in waterproof construction deficiencies, to repair where possible leakage. General quality inspection work including appearance, lap length, waterproof layer thickness inspection and closed water test, to ensure the engineering quality.