探析节水灌溉技术发展现状及对策

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论文关键词： 节水 地面 灌溉技术

Paper keywords: ground irrigation technology 论文摘要：地面灌溉是古老的田间施水技术，但它目前仍是世界上特别是发展中国家广泛采用的一种灌水方法，约占全世界中灌溉面积的90%以上。我国则有98%以上的灌溉面积依然采用传统的地面灌溉技术。 Abstract: the surface irrigation is the old field water technology, but it still is one of the world, especially developing countries a irrigation method is widely used, more than about 90% of irrigated area in the world. Our country has more than 98% of the irrigated area is still using conventional surface irrigation technology. 　　鉴于我国水资源与能源短缺，经济实力不足，广大农村地区的技术管理水平较低的现实，大面积推广喷、微灌等先进灌水技术还受到很大的限制，因此在今后相当长的一段时间内，我国还仍须加大田间工程的建设力度，大力研究和推广节水型地面灌水技术。 In view of the shortage of water resources and energy in our country, economic strength is insufficient, the reality of the low level of technical management in rural areas, large extension, micro-irrigation, etc advanced irrigation technology has a lot of limitations, so in the future quite a long time, our country still must increase the intensity of field engineering construction, vigorously research and the promotion of water-saving irrigation technology of ground. 　　一、我国节水灌溉现状 A, the status of water-saving irrigation in our country 　　 近几年来，我国高度重视和加强水利设施建设，以节水挖潜改造为中心，切实加强农田水利基础设施建设。实施了小型农田水利工程、灌区节水改造与续建配套、节水增效示范、末级渠系改造、水权转换等工程项目，有效提高了水资源调控能力和利用效率。在设施农业和特色农业种植区，推行了低压管灌、滴灌、喷灌等现代化节水灌溉技术，推动了现代节水农业的发展。拿四平辽河灌区为例，截止目前，全区共发展工程节水灌溉面积10万亩，总投资2千万元。其中渠道防渗面积1.1万亩，低压管道灌溉面积3万亩，喷微灌面积4万亩。发展地面软管灌溉、小畦灌溉等非工程节水灌溉措施面积1万亩。年可节水4000万立方米，增产1000万公斤，节水灌溉技术的推广应用，提高了水的利用率和产出效益，缓解了水资源供需矛盾，促进了农业种植结构调整、农工收入的增加和区域水资源平衡，改善了生态环境，拉动了节水灌溉设备产业的发展 In recent years, our country attaches great importance to and strengthen the construction of water conservancy facilities, to water saving potentialities and transformation as the center, strengthen irrigation and water conservancy infrastructure construction. Implemented small irrigation and water conservancy project, the renovation and extension of form a complete set of water-saving and water-saving efficiency demonstration, at the end of the canal system retrofit projects, water rights conversion and so on, effectively improve the regulation ability of water resources and utilization efficiency. In facility agriculture and characteristic agriculture area, the low pressure tube filling, drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and other water-saving irrigation technology modernization, promoting the development of the modern water saving agriculture. Take siping liaohe irrigation area as an example, so far, in the development of water-saving irrigation project area of 100000 mu, a total investment of 20 million yuan. The canal seepage control area of 11000 mu, the low pressure pipeline irrigation area of 30000 mu, spray microspray irrigation area of 40000 mu. Developing ground hose non-engineering water-saving irrigation measures such as irrigation, furrow irrigation area of 10000 mu. Can water saving 40 million cubic meters, yield 10 million kilograms, the popularization and application of water-saving irrigation technology, improve the utilization rate of water and output efficiency, alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources, promote the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, peasants' and workers' income increase and regional water resources balance, improving the ecological environment, driving the development of water-saving irrigation equipment industry 　　二、节水灌溉技术及发展趋势 Second, water-saving irrigation technology and development trend 　　 　　 目前，比较有发展潜力的节水灌溉新技术是：一是与生物技术相结合的作物调控灌溉技术。 就是从作物生理角度出发，在一定时期主动施加一定程度有益的亏水度，使作物经历有益的亏水锻炼，改善品质，控制上部旺长，实现矮化密植，到达节水增产的目的。二是应用3S技术的精细灌溉技术。就是运用全球卫星定位系统（GPS）和地理信息系统（GIS），遥感技术（RS）和计算机控制系统，实时获取农用小区作物生长实际需求的信息，通过信息处理与分析，按需给作物进行施水的技术，可以最大限度提高水资源的利用率和土地的产业率。这是农田灌溉学科发展的热点和农业新技术革命的重要内容。 三是智能化节水灌溉装备技术。就是把生物学、自动控制、微电子、人工智能、信息科学等高新技术集成节水灌溉机械与设备，适时地检测土壤和作物的水分，按照作物不同的需水要求来实施变量施水，达到最优的节水增产效果。 At present, more development potential of water saving irrigation technology is: one is combined with a biotech crops irrigation technology. Is from the perspective of crop physiology, active impose a certain degree useful in a certain period of water deficit degree, crops through beneficial exercise water losses and improve the quality, control the upper prosperous long, realize the dwarf dense planting, reach the water-saving production purpose. Second, application of 3 s technology of precise irrigation technology. Is the use of global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS) technology and computer control system, real-time access to agricultural of information of crop growth needs, through processing and analyzing information, on demand for crops for water technology, to maximize the utilization of water resources and the rate of the industry land. This is a hot spot of the development of irrigation and the important content of agricultural new technology revolution. Three is the intelligent technology of water-saving irrigation equipment. Is the automatic control, microelectronics, biology, artificial intelligence, information science and other high and new technology integrated water-saving irrigation machinery and equipment, timely detection of moisture of soil and crop, according to the different crops water requirements to the implementation of variable water, achieve optimal water saving effect to increase production. 　　我国的节水灌溉技术发展呈现以下趋势：一是喷灌技术仍为大田农作物机械化节水灌溉的主要技术，其研究方向是进一步节能及综合利用。不同喷灌机型有各自的优缺点，要因地制宜综合考虑。软管卷盘式喷灌机及人工移动式喷灌机比较适合我国国情。二是地下灌溉已被世人公认是一种最有发展前景的高效节水灌溉技术。尽管目前还存在一些问题，应用推广速度较慢，但随着关键技术的解决，今后将会得到一定的发展。三是地面灌溉仍是当今世界占主导地位的灌水技术。随着高效田间灌水技术的成熟，输配水有低压管道化方向发展的趋势。四是农业高效节水灌溉技术管理水平越来越高。应用专家系统、计算机网络技术、控制技术资源数据库、模拟模型等技术的集成，达到时，空、量、质上的精确灌水，是今后攻关的重点。 Water-saving irrigation technology in our country presents the following trends: one is spray irrigation technology is still the field of water-saving irrigation for agricultural mechanization of main technology, the research direction is further energy conservation and comprehensive utilization. Different irrigation models have their own advantages and disadvantages, to adjust measures to local conditions into account. Disc artificial mobile sprinkler sprinkler and hose volume is suitable for China's national conditions. 2 it is underground irrigation has been recognized as a most promising high efficient water-saving irrigation technology. Although there are some problems at the moment, the application promotion speed is slow, but as the solution of the key technologies, will get a certain development in the future. Three is the surface irrigation is still the world's dominant irrigation technology. With the mature of efficient field irrigation technology, ShuPeiShui low-pressure pipelining the trend of the development of the direction. Four is agricultural efficient water saving irrigation technology management level is higher and higher. Application of expert system, computer network technology, control technology resources database, the simulation model of integration, to achieve, empty, quantity, quality, and the precision irrigation, is the focus of future research. 三、发展节水灌溉技术的政策建议 Third, policy Suggestions of developing water-saving irrigation technology 　　 　　一是提高发展节水灌溉技术的认识。我国是一个水资源短缺的国家，随着人口增加、经济发展、社会进步，农业灌溉用水要在用水总量基本不增加的情况下保障我国粮食安全，只能走内涵式发展的道路，灌溉必须走节水型的发展道路。因此，我们应加大对发发展节水灌溉技术的宣传教育力度，使全社会都来关心节水灌溉技术，形成好的节水灌溉技术发展环境。 One is to improve the understanding of the development of water-saving irrigation technology. China is a country with a shortage of water resources, as the population increases, economic development, social progress and agricultural irrigation water to total water basic without increasing safeguard food security in China, only to the road of connotative development, must be on the development road of water-saving irrigation. Therefore, we should step up publicity and education of development water saving irrigation technology, make the whole society to care about water saving irrigation technology, form good water-saving irrigation technology development environment. 　　二是节水灌溉技术发展要符合农村实际。一是因地制宜，继续普及与推广喷、微灌技术。在节水灌溉模式中，喷、微灌应用越来越多，目前国内外喷、微灌技术正朝着低压、节能、多目标利用、产品标准化、系列化及运行管理 自动化方向发展。二是灌溉渠系管道化。我国已基本普及了井灌区低压管道输水技术 ，今后的发展方向是大型渠灌区渠系管道化，并加快相应大口径塑料管材的开发生产。 2 it is to conform to the rural practical water-saving irrigation technology development. One is adjust measures to local conditions, continue to spray, micro-irrigation technology popularization and promotion. In water-saving irrigation mode, and microspray irrigation is used more and more, spray, micro-irrigation technology at home and abroad are moving in low pressure, energy-saving, multipurpose utilization, automation of product standardization, seriation and operation direction. Second, the irrigation canal system pipelining. Our country has been basically popularized the area of low pressure pipeline technology, the future development direction is a large canal irrigation canal system pipelining, and accelerate the development of corresponding large-diameter plastic pipe material production. 　　三是现代精细地面灌溉技术。由于我国地面灌溉量大、面广，需要采用推广应用激光控制平地技术、水平畦田灌溉技术、田问闸管灌溉系统以及土壤墒情自动监测技术等一切改进地面灌溉措施，逐步实现 田间灌溉水的有效控制和适时适量的精细灌溉 。 Three is the modern fine ground irrigation technology. Due to the large amount of surface irrigation and surface broad, application need to be adopted to control the ground laser technology, horizontal border check irrigation technology, tian asked brake pipe irrigation and soil moisture all improved surface irrigation measures such as automatic monitoring technology, and gradually achieve the effective control of the field irrigation water and timely proper irrigation. 　　四是研究和推广非充分灌溉技术。非充分灌溉理论将与生物技术、信息技术及“四水”转化理论等高新节水技术和理论相结合，创建新的灌溉理论及技术体系。五是“3S”技术在农业节水中的应用。如果能在农业节水中推广应用“3S”技术产生的节水效能将是革命性的。 此外，国外还 出现 了地面浸润灌溉、坡地灌水管灌溉、土壤网灌溉、绳索控制灌溉等新的节水灌溉技术，都对我国的节水灌溉有积极的参考借鉴意义。 对于沙漠地区和缺乏淡水的沿海地区，利用空气中的水分进行灌溉是一种可取的方法，但如何降低成本，提高效率和实用性是今后应着重解决的问题。总而言之，节水灌溉工程推广，任重而道远。我们有理由相信，通过节水灌溉的逐步推广使用，实现水资源的科学开发，实现水资源的可持续利用，指日可待。 Four is the study and promotion of non sufficient irrigation technology. Non full irrigation theory and biotechnology, information technology and the transformation of "four water" and other high and new water-saving technology and theory, combining to create a new system of irrigation theory and technology. Five is the application of "3 s" technology in agricultural water saving. If we can application in agricultural water saving water-saving efficiency of "3 s" technology is revolutionary. Abroad also appeared the ground slope infiltration irrigation, irrigation pipe irrigation, soil net irrigation, rope control irrigation and new water-saving irrigation techniques, both for China's water-saving irrigation has positive reference significance. In desert areas and the lack of fresh water in coastal areas, the use of the moisture in the air for irrigation is a desirable method, but how to reduce costs, improve efficiency and practicability is the problem to be solved in the future. To sum up, promoting water-saving irrigation project, a long way to go. We have reason to believe that, through the gradually promote the use of water-saving irrigation, realize the scientific development of the water resources, to achieve the sustainable utilization of water resources. Just around the corner.