探析马尾松栽培管理技术

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 马尾松(Pinusmassonianalamb. )是我国分布最广、数量最多的一种松树,在南方各省森林蓄积量中,马尾松占一半以上。马尾松喜光,要求温暖湿润的气候,对土壤要求不严,能在石砾土、沙质土、粘土、山脊及岩石裸露的石缝里都能生长。忌水涝,不耐盐碱,喜酸性和微酸性土壤, pH值4. 5-6. 5生长最好。在钙质土和石灰岩风化的土壤上往往生长不良。

  Masson pine (Pinusmassonianalamb.) is the most widely distributed in China, the largest number of a pine tree, in the south of the provincial forest stock volume of pinus massoniana accounts for more than half. Pinus massoniana is fond of light to warm and humid climate, the soil is relaxed, can in the fertile soil, sandy soil, clay, ridge and rock bare can grow in the blades. Avoid flooding, alkali, acid and acidic soil, pH 4. 5 and 6. 5 best growth. In calcareous soil and limestone weathering of poor soils tend to growth.        管店林业总场是安徽省最大的国有林场,现经营总面积25万余亩,有林地面积近20万亩,其中马尾松林13万亩,占有林地的65%,笔者通过近十多年的栽培观察和逐步摸索,体会到通过以下具体措施对促进马尾松生长,增加单位面积产量有明显作用,有利于提高经济效益。   Pipe shop forestry PLD is one of the largest state-owned forest farm of anhui province, is now operating with a total area of 250000 mu, forestland area of nearly 200000 mu, the horsetail pine forest 130000 mu, accounts for 65% of forest land, the author observes through nearly 10 years of cultivation and gradually grope, realized through the following measures to promote the growth of pinus massoniana, and increase the yield per unit area has obvious effect, is helpful to improve the economic benefit.        1　马尾松的造林技术   1 masson pine afforestation techniques        1. 1　造林地的选择   1. The selection of planting area        马尾松造林地不宜大面积集中连片,要根据树种特性和立地条件,因地制宜,合理布局,使之与阔叶树混交,既有利于水土保持和改善森林生态环境,又有利于预防马尾松毛虫的蔓延发展和森林火灾发生。应根据经营目的,交通条件,培养不同的材种,以便分别采取相应的经营措施,充分发挥马尾松的生产潜力。   Masson pine planting area should not be concentrated large area, according to tree species characteristics and site conditions, adjust measures to local conditions, reasonable layout, with broad leaved tree mixed, both is advantageous to the soil and water conservation and improve the forest ecological environment, and to prevent the spread of dendrolimus punctatus development and forest fires. Should according to the business purpose, traffic conditions, raises the different material, so as to respectively take the corresponding management measures, give full play to the productive potential of pinus massoniana.        1. 2　整地方式   1. 2 site preparation methods        造林前一年秋冬整地效果较好。皖东丘陵地带一般多采用块状整地。暗穴、半明穴整地对防止水土流失,降低造林成本有明显效果。劳动力充足,经济条件较好的地方,提倡明穴整地,确保整地质量;有利于提高造林成活率和促进幼苗早期生长。块状整地规格一般可按50×50×30cm。   Afforestation of the previous year autumn ploughing effect is better. Late winter hill country adopt more commonly block soil preparation. Dark hole, half hole soil preparation to prevent soil and water loss, decrease the cost of afforestation have obvious effect. Better place sufficient labor, economic conditions, advocates the Ming hole soil preparation, soil preparation quality; To improve afforestation survival rate and promote the growth of seedling early. Massive soil preparation specifications generally according to 50 * 50 * 30 cm.        1. 3　造林密度   1. 3 forestation density        造林地立地条件较差的,初植密度要适当大一些,每亩500-600株。   At the beginning of the planting area of site conditions is poorer, plant density properly a few bigger, 500-500 plants per mu.        立地条件较好,土壤厚度达50cm以上,肥力中等偏上的,交通便利,经营集约度较高的地方,每亩栽植300-400株,以培养中大径级材为目的。   Good site conditions, soil thickness of more than 50 cm, fertility of average, the transportation is convenient, management intensive degrees higher, planting during 300-300 plants per acre, aim at cultivating large diameter grade material.        1. 4　造林方法   1. 4 afforestation method        植苗造林是马尾松造林的主要方法。适时栽植是保证造林成活的关键之一。松苗早春顶芽抽梢较早,故应早栽。早栽具有早发根、易成活、早生长、能抗旱等优点。一般适宜的栽植时期在1月中下旬至3月中上旬。皖东丘陵地区春节前后,土壤解冻,冰雪融化,或下透雨后,即可栽植,阴天毛毛细雨或雨后天晴土壤湿润时栽植最佳,吹干风时不宜栽植。   Seeding afforestation is a major method of afforestation of pinus massoniana. Timely planting is one of the key to ensure the survival of afforestation. Pine seedlings in early spring crown earlier suction tip, reason should be planted early. Early planted with early roots, easy to survival and early growth, drought resistance, etc. Generally suitable planting period from the mid to late January to early 3 months. Late winter hilly region before and after the Spring Festival, thawing soil and ice and snow melt, or next after saturating rain, can be cultivated, overcast drizzle or moist soil to plant the best when the weather is fine after the rain, when the dry wind is unfavorable to plant.        供造林的苗木(Ⅰ、Ⅱ级苗)要妥为保护,确保不破坏根系,随打浆随假植,假植时间不超过24小时,泥浆不稀不稠,运输时防止苗木根部失水,栽植时如果泥浆失水发干应二次打浆。栽植时务必做到随取苗,随栽植。马尾松栽植时的基本要点是:分级栽植,深栽黄毛入土,不窝根,不吊空,根系舒展,扶正苗木,踩实捶紧。   For afforestation seedling (Ⅰ, Ⅱ miao) is completed for the protection, make sure not to undermine the root, and increases with the increasing beating provisonal planting, provisonal planting time not more than 24 hours, mud thin thick, prevent seedling roots water loss during transportation, planting if dry mud fluid loss should be beating. Planting with miao, be sure to do when with plant. Basic point is: grading of masson pine plantation in planting, deep yellow hair, do not litter, not empty, roots stretch, righting seedling, on real beats.        集约经营程度较高的地方,可带基肥造林,对促进幼林速生和提早郁闭有相当明显的效果。   Of higher level of intensive management, with basal afforestation, to promote young fast-growing and early closure has a quite obvious effect.        2　马尾松的抚育管理   2 tending management of pinus massoniana        2. 1　幼林抚育   2. 1 young forest tending        造林后3—5年内,根系入土浅,对不良环境的抵抗力差,加强对幼林的抚育管理,这是巩固造林成果,促进幼林生长的重要环节措施。   3-5 years after afforestation, root soil into shallow, poor resistance to adverse environment, strengthen the young forest tending and management, this is to consolidate afforestation achievement, promote the growth of young forest of important measures.        2. 1. 1　松土除草　新造幼林的生长发育,与其周围的环境条件有着密切关系。林地上杂草灌木丛生,会与幼林争夺水分、养分和光照;杂草根系盘结还会阻碍幼树根系的伸展,通过除草,可改善幼林的生长条件,有利于幼树的光合作用和生长。除草松土主要是在幼树周围,范围应稍大于原穴,由里到外,由浅到深,免伤根系和枝干,并注意拣去石块,土培成馒头形,杂草、灌丛铺盖在幼树周围。   2. 1. 1 pulverizing weeding new young forest growth and development, with its surrounding environment have close relationship. Weeds scrub woodland, with young forest for water and nutrient and illumination; Grass roots the intertwining will hinder the young trees root extension, by weeding, can improve the growth of young forest conditions, conducive to the young trees of photosynthesis and growth. Weeding scarification is mainly around the young trees, range should be slightly larger than the original point, from the inside out, from shallow to deep, from roots and stems, and pay attention to pick rocks and soil culture into bread, weeds, shrubs bedclothes around the young trees.        除草松土时间和次数,取决于幼林生长的特点以及杂草繁茂程度和气候条件。最适宜的时期应在幼林生长旺盛期来临之前进行,以5-6月为好,入秋前杂草尚未结籽,除草松土效果好,且能减少来年杂草的滋生。一般连续抚育三年,第一年至第三年可按   Weeding pulverizing time and number, depending on the characteristics of young forest growth and weed flourishing degree and climate conditions. Optimum period, just days before the arrival of young exuberant growth period shall be carried out in May and June as well, before the autumn weed seed, weeding pulverizing effect is good, and can reduce weed growth next year. Generally raised three years in a row, the first year to third year according to  3、2、1次数进行。初植造林密度大,幼林生长旺盛,可抚育二年,分别按2次和1次进行。造林后头三年,要严格封山或加强看护,防止割草、人畜破坏等。   3, 2, 1 times. Tree planting density at the beginning of young forest growth strong, can raise for two years, according to two and one, respectively. Afforestation in three years, to strict or strengthen supervision to prevent cutting grass, damage, etc.        2.1. 2　补植:幼林缺株,于当年秋季进行一次造林成活率全面检查,了解成活情况,提出解决办法。按补植规定,成活率在40%以下应重新造林, 41-84%应进行补植,或成活率虽达85%以上,但有局部地段成活低或死亡植株集中连片,也应补植。补植工作一般应在当年秋季或翌年春季进行。补植应在原种植点上进行或整地后用同龄苗补植。   2.1. 2 replanting: young QueZhu, a forestation comprehensive inspection was conducted in the autumn, the understanding of survival condition, put forward a solution. According to the provisions of the planting survival rate under 40% should be reforestation, 41-84% should be replanting, or survival rate is above 85%, but there are local plants concentrated area low survival or death, should also be replanting. Replanting work shall generally be in the fall or the following spring. Replanting should be conducted on original planting points or soil preparation with age after the seedling replanting.        2. 2　成林抚育   2. 2 forest tending        幼林郁闭后至林分主伐前的整个生长发育过程属于林分分化稀疏阶段,表现为林木株数的减少,树高和直径的增加。如不进行必要的抚育任其生长,就不能达到速生、丰产、优质的目的。因此,马尾松幼林郁闭后,应进行修枝和抚育间伐等抚育管理。   After young forest canopy closure to stand before the final felling the whole growth process belongs to the sparse forest differentiation stage, performance for reduced number of trees, tree height and diameter increase. If not necessary care for their growth, can't achieve the goal of fast-growing, high yield, high quality. Masson pine after young forest canopy closure, therefore, should be pruning and tending management such as tending thinning.        2. 2. 1　合理修枝　合理修枝可改善马尾松干形,获得无节良材,提高木材质量,又能促进林木生长。5—6年生的马尾松是修枝最适宜的起始年龄,此时树冠下部枝条由于通风透光不良,开始自然枯死,但枯死脱落的速度缓慢,如不及时修去,今后则会形成大的死节。为了促进生长和减少节疤,可将枯枝和生长衰退的枝条全部修去。对树冠中最长最粗的枝条也应酌情修去,避免偏冠,使树冠匀称。水平枝上面的枝条,受光充足,生长旺盛,不能修除,否则影响生长。   2. 2. 1 reasonable pruning reasonable pruning can improve masson pine trunk, zhou received section, improve the quality of wood, and can promote the growth of trees. 5-6 years of pinus massoniana is the optimum starting age, to trimming canopy lower branches at this time due to poor ventilation pervious to light, start nature of water, but water loss rate is slow, if not timely repair, will form a big loose knot in the future. In order to promote growth and reduce knots, deadwood and growth off all branches of the recession. The most longest in the canopy of branches should also take into consideration the circumstances to, avoid partial crown, make the canopy symmetry. Levels above, branches by light enough, vigorous growth, not in addition to, or affect growth.        修枝应掌握“轻修、勤修”的原则,修枝务必要使树冠和树高比例适度, 10年生以前,树冠为树高的三分之二; 10—15年后,树冠可为树高的二分之一至三分之一;以保持树干上部枝条有一定的营养面积   Pruning should grasp the principle of "light, regular trim", pruning should see to it that the tree canopy and high moderate, born 10 years ago, two-thirds of the canopy for tree height; 10-15 years later, the tree canopy can be high one-half to one-third; In order to keep the upper trunk branches have certain nutrition area        修枝的适宜时期从晚秋至早春,这时修枝,伤口流脂量少,易封闭,修切的伤口至生长季节尚有一段时间,能加速愈合,缩短伤口的愈合期。生长季节和寒冬不宜修枝,否则会影响生长。供修枝用的砍刀、锯子等,一定要锋利。修枝时要避免树干劈裂或撕开树皮,以免影响切口愈合而造成溃烂,影响材质。马尾松修枝以不留桩的方法效果好,即使留桩以小于1cm为宜。   Pruning in the appropriate period from late autumn to early spring, when pruning, wound less fat, closed, and the wounds of the cropping to the growing season there is a period of time, can accelerate healing, shorten the wound healing period. Should not be growing season and winter pruning, otherwise it will affect growth. For pruning a machete, saws, etc., must be sharp. Tear to avoid splitting or trunk bark when pruning, lest affect healing of incision and cause canker, affect the material. Pinus massoniana pruning with no pile effect is good, even if the pile is less than 1 cm.        如主梢受松梢螟危害而不能正常生长或折断,在修枝时应有目的地培养一个侧枝,促进其旺盛生长,以代替主梢。   Affected by pine as the main tip tip moth damage and can't normal growth or broken, shall have the destination to develop a collateral when pruning, promote its robust growth, instead of the tip.        2. 2. 2　抚育间伐　马尾松林林分郁闭后进入群体生长阶段,原来幼树与环境的矛盾转化为各个体之间的矛盾。随着林龄的增加,各林木要求的营养空间也不断增大,相互挤压,引起强烈的分化和自然稀疏。始伐年龄:抚育间伐的始期,应从造林密度、立地条件、林分郁闭度、胸径和材积连年生长量以及间伐木的利用价值等方面来综合考虑。不同的造林密度、立地条件等,林分郁闭时间有所差异,一般在4—6年郁闭,郁闭后2-3年,林分的分化逐渐明显,出现被压木,小径材较多,郁闭度达0. 8—0. 9,即可开始抚育间伐。一般在8—10年进行第一次间伐。造林密度大的、立地条件好的或经营水平较高的林分,生长快、郁闭早,抚育间伐应适当提前;造林密度不大或立地条件较差的,可推迟1—3年。   2. 2. 2 tending thinning horsetail pine forest canopy closure after enter the population growth stage, the original of sapling and environmental contradictions into the contradictions between individuals. With the increase of forest age, each trees require nutritional space also increases unceasingly, mutual extruding, cause strong differentiation and natural thinning. Start felling age: theory of the beginning period, should from the silviculture density, site conditions, forest canopy density, diameter at breast height and volume between the years of growth, as well as logging the use value of aspects to consider. Different planting density, site conditions, different forest canopy closure time, generally between 4-6 years closure, closure after 2-3 years, stand the differentiation of gradually apparent, pressed wood, trail of material is more, crown density of 0. 8-0. 9, can begin tending thinning. Generally between 8-10 years for the first time the thinning. Afforestation density, good site conditions or to operate with higher levels of forest stand, fast growth, early closure, this theory should be appropriate in advance. Afforestation density is not big or site conditions is poorer, can be delayed 1-3 years.        间伐强度:间伐强度关系到保留木的生长和林分产量。强度太小,林冠恢复郁闭快,没有起到抚育间伐的应有的作用,反而缩短间伐重复期,增加间伐次数,间伐材过小,利用价值高,同时还增加了抚育投资。强度太大,造成林中空地,林地杂灌滋生,林地干燥,树干尖削,破坏林分郁闭,影响林木生长。适宜的间伐强度应根据造林密度,林分生长特点确定。8—10年进行一次弱度的抚育间伐,强度为林分材积的10—15%,并可结合修枝。10—20年可采用度到强度的抚育间伐,强度为林分材积的20—30%,同时伐除干形不良的上层林冠的林木。20年以后,可采用强度为30%的抚育间伐。   Thinning intensity: the thinning intensity is related to keep the growth of the wood and forest production. Strength is too small, canopy closure quickly, did not have the effect of tending thinning should be, instead, shorten the thinning repeat period, increase the number of thinning, thinning wood is too small, high use value, but also increased the cradle. Intensity is too large, resulting in the glade, woodland miscellaneous fill, dry woodlands, trunk pointed, destroy the forest canopy closure, affect the growth of trees. Is suitable for the thinning intensity should be according to the planting density, forest stand growth characteristics. 8-10 years on a weak degree theory, the strength to stand volume of 10-15%, and can be combined with pruning. 10-20 years can be used to tending thinning intensity, the intensity of stand volume of 20-30%, and cut in addition to the dry form of bad overstory trees. Twenty years later, can use tending thinning intensity was 30%.        间伐重复期:通常以3—5年为宜。间伐后林分郁闭度应保持在0. 6—0. 7之间。重复次数应根据培育材种而定,中径级用材林一般经2—3次重复即可主伐利用。   Thinning issue repeat: usually in 3-5 years. Forest crown density after thinning should be kept in the 0. 6-0. 7. Repetitions should according to breeding material, diameter of grade timber stands can be sent to final felling after 2-3 times repetition use.        间伐方式:因林分结构不同,有上层抚育间伐和下层抚育间伐两种。在人工同龄纯林内,宜采用下层抚育间伐,主要伐去林冠下层的被压木、濒死木,同时伐除干形不良的上层林冠的林木。抚育间伐时要按照“砍小留大,砍密留稀,砍劣留优”即三砍三留原则进行。林内的断梢木,双梢木如对保留木有辅助作用,或伐除后会出现天窗,应予保留不砍。在以马尾松为主的混交林内,主要采用上层抚育间伐,即伐除林冠上层压抑马尾松生长的非目的树种,并可根据实际情况结合进行下层抚育间伐。   Thinning method: due to different stand structure, there are upper theory and the lower tending thinning. In artificial pure forest, same age appropriate USES lower level theory, the main cutting to canopy layer of pressed wood, dying wood, at the same time cutting dry form bad overstory trees. Tending thinning should according to "cut down a little big, cut close to stay thin, cut bad leave" the three cutting principle. Areas of broken pin wood, wood such as double tip to keep wood has a supplementary role, and in addition to the trees appear skylight, shall be retained no cut. In predominantly masson pine mixed forest, mainly adopts the upper theory, namely cut in addition to the canopy top inhibition of growth of pinus massoniana nontarget species, it also can be combined according to the actual situation of the lower tending thinning.